又到周末了，有新的经济学人可以看，打开笔记夹，居然发现之前的笔记没传到节目里(>_<)补上~

来自Science & technology板块的一篇文章Never give up。
有研究证实了Never give up这句谚语的科学性。

1968年哥伦比亚大学社会学家Robert Merton发现了学术圈里的一个效应——Matthew effect。具体描述见下：

The most talented scientists tend to have access to the most resources and the best opportunities, and receive a disproportionate amount of credit for their work, thus amplifying their already enhanced reputations and careers. Less brilliant ones, meanwhile, are often left scrambling for money and recognition.
小词access、resources（资源）和credit（荣誉、声望）用得太准确了。

Scramble这个词意思很多，
1. to move quickly, especially with difficulty艰难攀登，爬
He scrambled to his feet when his mom came in.他妈进来时，他慌忙站起身。哎呀，做坏事差点被发现。
2. scramble for sth: to push, fight or compete with others in order to get or to reach sth争夺
The audience scrambled for the exits.在电影院看完电影就是这样。
3. achieve sth with difficulty艰难完成
Lily managed to scramble the ball into the net.艰难进了个球。
4. scrambled eggs 炒蛋
5. confuse thoughts 扰乱思维
Alcohol seemed to have scrambled his brain.
6.一般被动，命令（飞机）紧急起飞
A helicopter was scrambled to help rescue three young climbers.直升机接到命令，紧急起飞去营救。
选了6个常用的释义，多了也记不住。

至于为什么叫Mattew效应，是因为经文St Matthew（圣马太福音，不知道翻译得对不对）里有一句话：
For whosoever hath, to him shall be given,
and he shall have more abundance:
but whosoever hath not,
from him shall be taken away even that he hath.
富足的人，命运还会赐给他们更多东西，而那些贫乏的人，命运会夺走他们仅有的东西。

看完气死了，原来公平一直是人类社会的奢侈品，Matthew效应是真真切切存在的。但幸好，也有研究发现, “If at first you don’t succeed, try, try, try again”，这句话也是千真万确的。

研究者们通过研究两类基金申请者，第一类是之前申请过基金，但是差点就成功的人，第二类是之前成功申请到基金的人。他们就发现，和Matthew效应相反，第一类的人在后期研究生涯中也有很出色的成就。
grit=courage=bravery=勇气

An early-career setback of this sort was sometimes associated with greater academic success in the long run.
所以，遇到挫折别气馁，生活只是想考验考验你。